The 'social-realist' phase in the painting of Luke Fildes, Hubert Herkomer, and Frank Holl: The making and unmaking of a sub-genre

This dissertation discusses three Victorian artists, Luke Fildes, Hubert Herkomer, and Frank Holl, who emerged partly or mainly through their drawinsg for the Graphic magazine. All used images of the poor created for this work as motifs for major paintings which have come to be called 'social-realist', and all went on to devote their careers largely to portraiture. Yet to group them this way, and to apply the 'social-realist' label can be deeply misleading, firstly because they never worked together as a 'movement' with an ideology or manifesto, secondly because the label has more radical or socially-critical connotations as applied to other movements of that name in the twentieth century, and thirdly because it was applied only retrospectively in the twentieth century in the wake of those movements, implying ideological comparability

Football and Nation Building in Colombia (2010-2018)

This book explores the pivotal role that football played as part of Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos’ national unity project centred on the peace process with the FARC. Football has huge political and social capital in Latin America, and has often been rhetorically deployed by governments for various ends; rarely, however, has football’s power and potential been used in such a deliberate, strategic and active way towards a national peace process and targeted such enduring divisions that have historically impeded a sense of a united nation and national identity. Football in Colombia is understood popularly as one of the few things capable of uniting the country, a belief that Santos seized upon as the national team had a successful campaign in the 2014 World Cup. This first book on Colombian football in English explores previous iterations of football nationalism in the country, including the El Dorado and ‘Narcofootball’ eras, before analysing Santos’ three-pronged strategy empowering professional and amateur football, including the use of political speeches and Twitter, legislation and public policy, and Sport for Development and Peace campaigns, with a particular focus on football in the FARC demobilisation and reincorporation camps following the historic peace agreement

The effect of boundary constraints on finite element modelling of the human pelvis

The use of finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the biomechanics of anatomical systems critically relies on the specification of physiologically representative boundary conditions. The biomechanics of the pelvis has been the specific focus of a number of FEA studies previously, but it is also a key aspect in other investigations of, for example, the hip joint or new design of hip prostheses. In those studies, the pelvis has been modelled in a number of ways with a variety of boundary conditions, ranging from a model of the whole pelvic girdle including soft tissue attachments to a model of an isolated hemi-pelvis. The current study constructed a series of FEA models of the same human pelvis to investigate the sensitivity of the predicted stress distributions to the type of boundary conditions applied, in particular to represent the sacro-iliac joint and pubic symphysis. Varying the method of modelling the sacro-iliac joint did not produce significant variations in the stress distribution, however changes to the modelling of the pubic symphysis were observed to have a greater effect on the results. Over-constraint of the symphysis prevented the bending of the pelvis about the greater sciatic notch, and underestimated high stresses within the ilium. However, permitting medio-lateral translation to mimic widening of the pelvis addressed this problem. These findings underline the importance of applying the appropriate boundary conditions to FEA models, and provide guidance on suitable methods of constraining the pelvis when, for example, scan data has not captured the full pelvic girdle. The results also suggest a valid method for performing hemi-pelvic modelling of cadaveric or archaeological remains which are either damaged or incomplete

The biomechanical function of periodontal ligament fibres in orthodontic tooth movement

Orthodontic tooth movement occurs as a result of resorption and formation of the alveolar bone due to an applied load, but the stimulus responsible for triggering orthodontic tooth movement remains the subject of debate. It has been suggested that the periodontal ligament (PDL) plays a key role. However, the mechanical function of the PDL in orthodontic tooth movement is not well understood as most mechanical models of the PDL to date have ignored the fibrous structure of the PDL. In this study we use finite element (FE) analysis to investigate the strains in the alveolar bone due to occlusal and orthodontic loads when PDL is modelled as a fibrous structure as compared to modelling PDL as a layer of solid material. The results show that the tension-only nature of the fibres essentially suspends the tooth in the tooth socket and their inclusion in FE models makes a significant difference to both the magnitude and distribution of strains produced in the surrounding bone. The results indicate that the PDL fibres have a very important role in load transfer between the teeth and alveolar bone and should be considered in FE studies investigating the biomechanics of orthodontic tooth movement. © 2014 McCormack et al

Inelasticity and partial wave dispersion relations

This thesis deals with some general work on the ND(^-1) equations and, more specifically, with two calculations which make use of them. Chapter 1 commences with a brief outline of the subject, followed by a fairly detailed analysis of numerical methods of solution of the equations, including an analysis of cut off and threshold problems. In particular we demonstrate a particular form of numerical solution which appears to be rather superior to any previous ones. Chapter 2 discusses the problems that arise when a multi-channel calculation is approximated to be a single channel one: we show that in general the results are different, and discuss the conditions for them to agree. Chapter 3 investigates what happens when N and D have simultaneous zeroes: it is shown that a potential that leads to this is necessarily singular and repulsive. Chapter 4 opens with a general review of the successes and failures of the quark model in scattering theory. It is shown that the quark model is necessarily inconsistent with what is commonly called bootstrap philosophy, and we investigate whether a reasonably convincing quark model may be constructed. Chapter 5 outlines a calculation of the πN P(_11) phase shift. The previous work on this problem is discussed, and the computational method is outlined along with a discussion of what results can be expected from the calculation

A study of two high-speed processes for the permanent retention of transient images on non-sensitized paper

A study is made of the features required of a printer capable of producing a visible record of transient data. Particular attention is paid to the output requirements of digital electronic computers. A literature survey of high speed printers, both mechanical and non-mechanical, is given. Two feasibility studies are described, the first of a xerographic printer and the second of a laser printer. A description is given of experimental work in which optical information was printed xerographically at speeds in excess of 5,000 lines per minute. The reasons for discontinuing this line of research are stated. A proposed laser printer is then described together with the experimental work performed to determine the feasibility of the principal process involved. This process, the fusing of powdered ink onto paper, is also considered theoretically in terms of heat transfer. An evaluation is made of the acceptability of the images produced. The areas where further research is required to complete the study to the stage of operational printing are indicated

Changes in the pronunciation of Māori and implications for teachers and learners of Māori

This paper discusses changes in the pronunciation of Māori and implications for teachers and learners of Māori. Data on changes in the pronunciation of Māori derives from the MAONZE project (Māori and New Zealand English with support from the Marsden fund). The project uses recordings from three sets of speakers to track changes in the pronunciation of Māori and evaluate influence from English. Results from the project show changes in both vowel quality and vowel duration and some evidence of diphthong mergers in pairs such as ai/ae and ou/au, especially amongst the younger speakers. In terms of duration the younger speakers are producing smaller length distinctions between long/short vowel pairs other than /ā, a/. We discuss the implications of such changes for those teaching Māori and for students learning Māori as a subject. These changes raise interesting questions concerning the pronunciation of Māori by future generations

/u/ fronting and /t/ aspiration in Māori and New Zealand English

This article examines the relationship between the frontness of /u/ and the aspiration of /t/ in both Māori and New Zealand English (NZE). In both languages, these processes can be observed since the earliest recordings dating from the latter part of the nineteenth century. We report analyses of these developments for three groups of male speakers of Māori spanning the twentieth century. We compare the Māori analyses with analyses of related features of the speakers' English and of the English of monolingual contemporaries. The occurrence of these processes in Māori cannot be seen simply as interference from NZE as the Māori-speaking population became increasingly bilingual. We conclude that it was the arrival of English with its contrast between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, rather than direct borrowing, that was the trigger for the fronting of the hitherto stable back Māori /u/ vowel together with increased aspiration of /t/ before both /i/ and /u/